GRACE Electron Density derived from the K-Band Ranging System (KBR)

Cite as:

Xiong, Chao; Lühr, Hermann; Stolle, Claudia (2021): GRACE Electron Density derived from the K-Band Ranging System (KBR). V. 0101. GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2021.003

Status

I N R E V I E W : Xiong, Chao; Lühr, Hermann; Stolle, Claudia (2021): GRACE Electron Density derived from the K-Band Ranging System (KBR). V. 0101. GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2021.003

Abstract

The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellites, which comprises two spacecraft, GRACE-A and GRACE-B, were launched on 17 March 2002 into a near-circular, polar (inclination = 89◦ ) orbit with an initial altitude of about 490 km. The two satellites follow each other at a distance of about 200 km. The primary objective of the GRACE mission is to provide global high-resolution models of the Earth’s gravity field. The instruments supporting our study are the K-Band Ranging System (KBR), and the GPS Space Receiver (GPS).

The K-Band Ranging System (KBR) system is the key science instrument of GRACE which measures the dual one-way range change between both satellites with a precision of about 1 μm per second. From the KBR1B data we can get the change of Total Electron Content (TEC). In addition the GPS Navigation Data (GNV1B) can provide us the position of the two satellites. From these data we can derive the average electron density between the two satellites.

The data are stored as daily ASCII files using the file naming convention 'KBRNE_YYYY_MM_DD.dat'. Headers in each data file contain a short name for each column. A more detailed description is provided in the readme file.

Authors

Xiong, Chao;GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Lühr, Hermann;GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Stolle, Claudia;GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany

Contact

Stolle, Claudia; GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany; ➦
Michaelis, Ingo; GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany; ➦

Contributors

Michaelis, Ingo

Keywords

, atmosphere > atmospheric structure > ionosphere

More Metadata

datacite: download xml
- resource (xsi:schemaLocation=http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4 http://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4.3/metadata.xsd)
  - identifier (identifierType=DOI): 10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2021.003
  - creators
    - creator
      - creatorName (nameType=Personal): Xiong, Chao
      - givenName: Chao
      - familyName: Xiong
      - nameIdentifier (nameIdentifierScheme=ORCID): 0000-0002-7518-9368
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier=0000-0002-7518-9368 affiliationIdentifierScheme=ORCID): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
    - creator
      - creatorName (nameType=Personal): Lühr, Hermann
      - givenName: Hermann
      - familyName: Lühr
      - nameIdentifier (nameIdentifierScheme=ORCID): 0000-0002-1599-6758
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier=0000-0002-1599-6758 affiliationIdentifierScheme=ORCID): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
    - creator
      - creatorName (nameType=Personal): Stolle, Claudia
      - givenName: Claudia
      - familyName: Stolle
      - nameIdentifier (nameIdentifierScheme=ORCID): 0000-0002-5717-1623
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier=0000-0002-5717-1623 affiliationIdentifierScheme=ORCID): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
  - titles
    - title: GRACE Electron Density derived from the K-Band Ranging System (KBR)
  - publisher: GFZ Data Services
  - publicationYear: 2021
  - subjects:
  - contributors
    - contributor (contributorType=Producer)
      - contributorName (nameType=Personal): Xiong, Chao
      - givenName: Chao
      - familyName: Xiong
      - nameIdentifier (nameIdentifierScheme=ORCID): 0000-0002-7518-9368
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier=0000-0002-7518-9368 affiliationIdentifierScheme=ORCID): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
    - contributor (contributorType=Researcher)
      - contributorName (nameType=Personal): Xiong, Chao
      - givenName: Chao
      - familyName: Xiong
      - nameIdentifier (nameIdentifierScheme=ORCID): 0000-0002-7518-9368
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier=0000-0002-7518-9368 affiliationIdentifierScheme=ORCID): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
    - contributor (contributorType=ProjectLeader)
      - contributorName (nameType=Personal): Lühr, Hermann
      - givenName: Hermann
      - familyName: Lühr
      - nameIdentifier (nameIdentifierScheme=ORCID): 0000-0002-1599-6758
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier=0000-0002-1599-6758 affiliationIdentifierScheme=ORCID): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
    - contributor (contributorType=Researcher)
      - contributorName (nameType=Personal): Lühr, Hermann
      - givenName: Hermann
      - familyName: Lühr
      - nameIdentifier (nameIdentifierScheme=ORCID): 0000-0002-1599-6758
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier=0000-0002-1599-6758 affiliationIdentifierScheme=ORCID): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
    - contributor (contributorType=ContactPerson)
      - contributorName (nameType=Personal): Stolle, Claudia
      - givenName: Claudia
      - familyName: Stolle
      - nameIdentifier (nameIdentifierScheme=ORCID): 0000-0002-5717-1623
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier=0000-0002-5717-1623 affiliationIdentifierScheme=ORCID): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
    - contributor (contributorType=ProjectMember)
      - contributorName (nameType=Personal): Stolle, Claudia
      - givenName: Claudia
      - familyName: Stolle
      - nameIdentifier (nameIdentifierScheme=ORCID): 0000-0002-5717-1623
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier=0000-0002-5717-1623 affiliationIdentifierScheme=ORCID): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
    - contributor (contributorType=ContactPerson)
      - contributorName: Stolle, Claudia
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier= affiliationIdentifierScheme=): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
    - contributor (contributorType=ContactPerson)
      - contributorName: Michaelis, Ingo
      - affiliation (affiliationIdentifier= affiliationIdentifierScheme=): GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
  - dates
    - date (dateType=Created): 2015-04-30
    - date (dateType=Collected): 2002-04-04T10:55:27/2015-04-30
  - resourceType (resourceTypeGeneral=Dataset): Dataset
  - relatedIdentifiers
    - relatedIdentifier (relatedIdentifierType=DOI relationType=IsSupplementTo): 10.5194/angeo-28-1647-2010
    - relatedIdentifier (relatedIdentifierType=DOI relationType=IsReferencedBy): 10.1016/j.asr.2014.07.022
  - sizes:
  - formats:
  - version: 0101
  - rightsList
    - rights (rightsURI=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/): CC BY 4.0
  - descriptions
    - description (descriptionType=Abstract)
      - br:
      - br:
      - br:
      - br:
      - br:
  - geoLocations
    - geoLocation
      - geoLocationBox
        westBoundLongitude: -180
        eastBoundLongitude: 180
        southBoundLatitude: -89
        northBoundLatitude: 89
iso19115: download xml
- MD_Metadata (xsi:schemaLocation=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd/gmd.xsd)
  - fileIdentifier
    - CharacterString: 10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2021.003
  - language
    - LanguageCode (codeList=http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/ codeListValue=eng): eng
  - characterSet
    - MD_CharacterSetCode (codeListValue=utf8 codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/codeList.xml#MD_CharacterSetCode):
  - hierarchyLevel
    - MD_ScopeCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ScopeCode codeListValue=dataset): dataset
  - hierarchyLevelName
    - CharacterString:
  - contact
    - CI_ResponsibleParty
      - organisationName
        CharacterString: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
      - contactInfo
        CI_Contact
        address
        CI_Address
        electronicMailAddress
        CharacterString: datapub(_at_)gfz-potsdam.de
        onlineResource
        CI_OnlineResource
        linkage
        URL: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de
        name
        CharacterString: Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
        description
        CharacterString: Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
      - role
        CI_RoleCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode codeListValue=pointOfContact): pointOfContact
  - dateStamp
    - Date: 2021-02-18
  - referenceSystemInfo
    - MD_ReferenceSystem
      - referenceSystemIdentifier
        RS_Identifier
        code
        CharacterString: urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG:4326
  - identificationInfo
    - MD_DataIdentification
      - citation
        CI_Citation
        title
        CharacterString: GRACE Electron Density derived from the K-Band Ranging System (KBR)
        date
        CI_Date
        date
        Date: 2021-02-18
        dateType
        CI_DateTypeCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode codeListValue=revision): revision
        date
        CI_Date
        date
        Date: 2015-04-30
        dateType
        CI_DateTypeCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode codeListValue=creation): creation
        identifier
        MD_Identifier
        code
        CharacterString: doi:10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2021.003
        citedResponsibleParty (xlink:href=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7518-9368)
        CI_ResponsibleParty
        individualName
        CharacterString: Xiong, Chao
        organisationName
        CharacterString: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
        role
        CI_RoleCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode codeListValue=author): author
        citedResponsibleParty (xlink:href=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-6758)
        CI_ResponsibleParty
        individualName
        CharacterString: Lühr, Hermann
        organisationName
        CharacterString: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
        role
        CI_RoleCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode codeListValue=author): author
        citedResponsibleParty (xlink:href=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-1623)
        CI_ResponsibleParty
        individualName
        CharacterString: Stolle, Claudia
        organisationName
        CharacterString: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
        role
        CI_RoleCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode codeListValue=author): author
        citedResponsibleParty
        CI_ResponsibleParty
        organisationName
        CharacterString: GFZ Data Services
        role
        CI_RoleCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode codeListValue=publisher): publisher
      - abstract
        CharacterString: The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellites, which comprises two spacecraft, GRACE-A and GRACE-B, were launched on 17 March 2002 into a near-circular, polar (inclination = 89◦ ) orbit with an initial altitude of about 490 km. The two satellites follow each other at a distance of about 200 km. The primary objective of the GRACE mission is to provide global high-resolution models of the Earth’s gravity field. The instruments supporting our study are the K-Band Ranging System (KBR), and the GPS Space Receiver (GPS). The K-Band Ranging System (KBR) system is the key science instrument of GRACE which measures the dual one-way range change between both satellites with a precision of about 1 μm per second. From the KBR1B data we can get the change of Total Electron Content (TEC). In addition the GPS Navigation Data (GNV1B) can provide us the position of the two satellites. From these data we can derive the average electron density between the two satellites. The data are stored as daily ASCII files using the file naming convention 'KBRNE_YYYY_MM_DD.dat'. Headers in each data file contain a short name for each column. A more detailed description is provided in the readme file.
      - pointOfContact
        CI_ResponsibleParty
        individualName
        CharacterString: Stolle, Claudia
        organisationName
        CharacterString: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
        contactInfo
        CI_Contact
        address
        CI_Address
        electronicMailAddress
        CharacterString: claudia.stolle(_at_)gfz-potsdam.de
        onlineResource
        CI_OnlineResource
        linkage
        URL: https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/
        function
        CI_OnLineFunctionCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeListValue=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode_information): informtion
        role
        CI_RoleCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode codeListValue=pointOfContact): pointOfContact
      - pointOfContact
        CI_ResponsibleParty
        individualName
        CharacterString: Michaelis, Ingo
        organisationName
        CharacterString: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
        contactInfo
        CI_Contact
        address
        CI_Address
        electronicMailAddress
        CharacterString: ingo.michaelis(_at_)gfz-potsdam.de
        onlineResource
        CI_OnlineResource
        linkage
        URL: https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/
        function
        CI_OnLineFunctionCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeListValue=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode_information): informtion
        role
        CI_RoleCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode codeListValue=pointOfContact): pointOfContact
      - descriptiveKeywords
        MD_Keywords
        keyword
        CharacterString:
      - descriptiveKeywords
        MD_Keywords
        keyword
        CharacterString: atmosphere > atmospheric structure > ionosphere
        thesaurusName
        CI_Citation
        title
        CharacterString: GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0
        date
        CI_Date
        date (gco:nilReason=missing):
        dateType
        CI_DateTypeCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode codeListValue=publication): publication
      - descriptiveKeywords
        MD_Keywords
        keyword
        CharacterString: Earth Observation Satellites > NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder > GRACE
        thesaurusName
        CI_Citation
        title
        CharacterString: GCMD Platforms
        date
        CI_Date
        date (gco:nilReason=missing):
        dateType
        CI_DateTypeCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode codeListValue=publication): publication
      - descriptiveKeywords
        MD_Keywords
        keyword
        CharacterString: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments > Active Remote Sensing > Altimeters > Radar Altimeters > KBR
        keyword
        CharacterString: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments > Passive Remote Sensing > Positioning/Navigation > GPS > GPS RECEIVERS
        thesaurusName
        CI_Citation
        title
        CharacterString: GCMD Instruments
        date
        CI_Date
        date (gco:nilReason=missing):
        dateType
        CI_DateTypeCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode codeListValue=publication): publication
      - resourceConstraints (xlink:href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
        MD_Constraints
        useLimitation
        CharacterString: CC BY 4.0
      - resourceConstraints
        MD_LegalConstraints
        accessConstraints
        MD_RestrictionCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/codeList.xml#MD_RestrictionCode codeListValue=otherRestrictions):
        otherConstraints
        CharacterString: CC BY 4.0
      - resourceConstraints
        MD_SecurityConstraints
        classification
        MD_ClassificationCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/codeList.xml#MD_ClassificationCode codeListValue=unclassified):
      - aggregationInfo
        MD_AggregateInformation
        aggregateDataSetIdentifier
        RS_Identifier
        code
        CharacterString: 10.5194/angeo-28-1647-2010
        codeSpace
        CharacterString: DOI
        associationType
        DS_AssociationTypeCode (codeList=http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4 codeListValue=IsSupplementTo): IsSupplementTo
      - aggregationInfo
        MD_AggregateInformation
        aggregateDataSetIdentifier
        RS_Identifier
        code
        CharacterString: 10.1016/j.asr.2014.07.022
        codeSpace
        CharacterString: DOI
        associationType
        DS_AssociationTypeCode (codeList=http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4 codeListValue=IsReferencedBy): IsReferencedBy
      - language
        CharacterString: eng
      - characterSet
        MD_CharacterSetCode (codeListValue=utf8 codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/codeList.xml#MD_CharacterSetCode):
      - topicCategory
        MD_TopicCategoryCode: geoscientificInformation
      - extent
        EX_Extent
        geographicElement
        EX_GeographicBoundingBox
        westBoundLongitude
        Decimal: -180
        eastBoundLongitude
        Decimal: 180
        southBoundLatitude
        Decimal: -89
        northBoundLatitude
        Decimal: 89
        temporalElement
        EX_TemporalExtent
        extent
        TimePeriod (xsi:type=gml:TimePeriodType gml:id=T68d29f91ee42e)
        beginPosition: 2002-04-04T10:55:27
        endPosition: 2015-04-30
  - distributionInfo
    - MD_Distribution
      - transferOptions
        MD_DigitalTransferOptions
        onLine
        CI_OnlineResource
        linkage
        URL: http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2021.003
        protocol
        CharacterString: WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
        name
        CharacterString: Data Access - DOI
        description
        CharacterString: Data Access - DOI
        function
        CI_OnLineFunctionCode (codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeListValue=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode_information): information
  - dataQualityInfo
    - DQ_DataQuality
      - scope
        DQ_Scope
        level
        MD_ScopeCode (codeListValue=dataset codeList=http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/codeList.xml#MD_ScopeCode):
schema.org download